Labor choices of farm families: substitutes, complements and simultaneous decision making

Agricultural laborers ; Labor market

Chaplaincy, power and prophecy in the Scottish prison system: the changing role of the prison chaplain

The thesis is concerned with the changing role of the prison chaplain in the Scottish prison system and includes an empirical investigation of the current role of chaplaincyThe first chapter of the thesis offers some historical perspectives on the role of religion and the role of the prison chaplain at a time in the mid to late 19th century when the role of religion was a primary influence on penal policy and practice. The prison chaplain was regarded along with the governor and the medical officer as one of the 'superior' officers in a penal establishment and his influence was a major one. The chapter summarises briefly how the Christian religion and the role of the prison chaplain became important influences upon penal policy and practice as a possible way ofreforming offenders and reducing crime.By the early years of the 20th century, it had become clear that the Christian religious philosophy which had strongly influenced penal theory and practice in the 19th century had not been effective in the control of crime and the reformation of those who were imprisoned. So it was that the influence of the Christian religion in the penal setting, both in theory and in practice through the work of chaplains, became increasingly discredited. The marginalisation of chaplaincy began to occur and the second chapter discusses the possible reasons for this marginality within the context of developing social, welfare and penal reforms which took place during the latter half of this century.Chapter three looks further at the role of prison chaplaincy during a period of disruption and crisis in the Scottish prison system in the 1980's and early ii 1990's. It summarises the causes and characteristics of the crisis, discusses the nature of the concomitant crisis which occurred in prison chaplaincy and how the Scottish Prison Service and the churches attempted to resolve these crises.Chapters four and five analyse the results of empirical research into the current role and ministry of prison chaplains and how this is understood and regarded by prisoners, prison governors, senior management in the Scottish Prison Service and by church representatives. The results of the empirical research demonstrate that there is considerable uncertainty about the role of the chaplain among chaplains and that there is confusion about their role amongst prisoners, governors and policy makers.In the light of the research, chapter seven outlines some new proposals for the future practice of prison chaplains and the final chapter offers a conclusion to the work

The Tourists: Having No Memory or Relationships in a Landscape, They Make Dangerous Mistakes

A fascinating and uncomfortable chronicle of tourist behavior along a remote western river

The Federal Trade Commission and Online Consumer Contracts

Consumer contracts have long posed a challenge for traditional contract enforcement regimes. With the rise in quick online transactions involving clickwrap and browsewrap contracts, these challenges only become more pressing. This Note identifies the problems inherent in the current system and explores proposals and past attempts to improve online consumer contract interpretation and enforcement. Ultimately, this Note identifies the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) as an appropriate and effective agency to provide the much-needed change to online consumer contract enforcement. Based upon its authority under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to regulate unfair business practices, the broad discretion that Congress has afforded the FTC, and its successful incursion into the related field of online privacy law, the FTC is uniquely situated to promulgate a new online consumer contracting regime. This Note illustrates the basis and precedent for such a step and explores the form and effects of FTC involvement in online consumer contracts

Syrian Refugee Women in Jordan: Family Planning Preferences and Barriers in a Host Community

The aims of this pilot study were to research and analyze the availability of birth control and family planning resources among Syrian refugee women at a reproductive age. This study took place in the host community of Karak, Jordan. Syrian women are a vulnerable population based solely on their gender. But being refugee women makes them more vulnerable and sometimes, their needs do not get met. This study is important because it will look into reproductive health aspects for this vulnerable population to ensure that there is satisfaction among women about their own health. This cross-sectional study sought to answer questions of accessibility to birth control, availability of support surrounding family planning, and overall satisfaction among Syrian refugee women about their current reproductive health care, specifically regarding birth control and family planning. The questions were answered by surveying a convenience sample of 13 Syrian women and by interviewing five Syrian women. The survey findings concluded that although 71% of the women surveyed found their reproductive health care provider to be extremely or somewhat trustworthy, nearly 86% of those women said their health care provider did not initiated a conversation about birth control, causing a lack of awareness. In regards to support mechanisms, only 36% of women surveyed had attended an informal support group. Many women interviewed stated that birth control was harder to access in Jordan than in Syria due to lack of affordability and health insurance. Limitations include small sample size and short time frame, which calls for further study on this topic. Although limitations were in place, this study suggests that birth control be more prevalent and discussed more in reproductive health clinics while being made more affordable

E-Science in the classroom - Towards viability

E-Science has the potential to transform school science by enabling learners, teachers and research scientists to engage together in authentic scientific enquiry, collaboration and learning. However, if we are to reap the benefits of this potential as part of everyday teaching and learning, we need to explicitly think about and support the work required to set up and run e-Science experiences within any particular educational context. In this paper, we present a framework for identifying and describing the resources, tools and services necessary to move e-Science into the classroom together with examples of these. This framework is derived from previous experiences conducting educational e-Science projects and systematic analysis of the categories of ‘hidden work’ needed to run these projects (Smith, Underwood, Fitzpatrick, & Luckin, forthcoming). The articulation of resources, tools and services based on these categories provides a starting point for more methodical design and deployment of future educational e- Science projects, reflection on which can also help further develop the framework. It also points to the technological infrastructure from which such tools and services could be built. As such it provides an agenda of work to develop both processes and technologies that would make it practical for teachers to deliver active, and collaborative e-Science learning experiences on a larger scale within and across schools. Routine school e- Science will only be possible if such support is specified, implemented and made available to teachers within their work contexts in an appropriate and usable form

The demand for and marginal cost of air pollution abatement: an implicit market analysis

The demand for air pollution abatement used the median voter model as its theoretical basis. A utility function for the median voter was devised with air pollution abatement as one of the goods. This utility function also incorporated transpolitical boundary costs and benefits. Implicit prices were derived from the expenditure identity: price times quantity equals expenditures. Data on air pollution abatement and expenditures for air pollution abatement by state governments and two-digit SIC manufacturing industries were used. Only point source manufacturing air pollutants were considered. The utility function was maximized subject to a budget constraint, and ordinary demand functions were derived;Air pollution abatement was hypothesized to be a public good produced by a figurative joint firm of the state governments and private emitting industries. This figurative joint firm was assumed to minimize the cost of abatement. A marginal cost function for abatement was derived by minimizing costs subject to an output constraint. Competitive behavior was assumed for the figurative joint firm with price set equal to marginal cost;The exogenous variables on the demand side included gross personal income, attitudes about environmental quality in the previous year, stock of air pollution in the previous year and a measure of the skewness of the distribution of income. The exogenous variables in the marginal cost equation include wages of state government workers enforcing air pollution regulations, wages of private industry air pollution abatement workers, the user cost of capital and the stock of air pollution in the previous year;Econometric estimates of the demand and marginal cost equations were derived using two-stage least squares. The data were pooled time-series and cross-section observations of the fifty states of the United States for the period 1974-1978;Significant findings include low elasticity of demand for air pollution abatement with respect to price (-0.17) and with respect to income (0.44). Also of note is the elasticity of demand with respect to income distribution skewness (1.56) leading to the inference that those who are decisive in determining the level of air pollution abatement benefit through cost shifting from skewed income distributions

The National School Lunch Program: History of the Past, Challenges of the Present, Solutions for the Future

The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) was initially designed to provide nutritious meals to hungry schoolchildren. Over time, it seems as though this focus has shifted to serving as a source of proper nutrition in a society of over-fed yet undernourished children. The stated purpose of the NSLP is to safeguard the health and well-being of the nation\u27s children and to encourage the domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities and other food. Currently, there are many challenges that the National School Lunch Program faces in meeting its goal of promoting healthful lifestyle practices among school-aged children. Three main challenges include the increase in the amount of competitive foods offered; increased soft drink consumption; and improper meal scheduling. These challenges undermine the goal of the NSLP by promoting less nutritious items that are high in calories, fat, sugar and sodium and very low in nutrients. Several programs have been put in place in the attempt to improve the school foodservice environment, many of which show promising results. Overall, there is still much room for improvement. It is up to nutrition professionals to involve themselves in nutrition policy development, implementation, and enforcement to ensure a healthier future for the nation\u27s schoolchildren